Diagnosis
Cryptorchidism is diagnosed if one or both testes have not descended into the scrotum by birth. At term it is found in approximately 2-3% of liveborn males, and is more common in premature infants (15-30%). It is most often an isolated finding. The scrotum may be small and flat. Bilateral cryptorchidism may be associated with other malformations; especially renal anomalies (3-5%), horseshoe kidney, or posterior urethral valves such as megacystis, and Prune Belly syndrome.